概述
皮炎是一种常见的疾病,会导致皮肤肿胀和刺激。它有多种原因和表现形式,通常包括瘙痒、皮肤干燥或皮疹。皮炎也可能引起皮肤起水疱、渗液、结痂或剥落。这种疾病有三种常见类型:特应性皮炎、接触性皮炎和脂溢性皮炎。特应性皮炎也称湿疹。
皮炎不具有传染性,但可能令人不适。经常保湿有助于控制症状。治疗方法还可包括使用药物软膏、乳膏和洗发水。
Types
症状
接触性皮炎
接触性皮炎
接触性皮炎在不同肤色上的图示。接触性皮炎可以表现为瘙痒的皮疹。
每种类型的皮炎通常发生在身体的不同部位。症状可能包括:
- 可能引起疼痛的瘙痒。
- 干燥、开裂、鳞状皮肤,更常见于白皮肤。
- 皮肤肿胀上出现的皮疹,颜色因皮肤颜色而异。
- 水疱,可能伴有渗液和结痂。
- 头皮屑。
- 皮肤变厚。
- 小而凸起的颗粒,更常见于棕色或黑皮肤。
何时就诊
如果出现以下情况,请就医:
- 感觉不舒服,睡眠和日常活动受影响。
- 皮肤疼痛。
- 出现皮肤感染症状,—出现条纹、脓液、黄痂。
- 实施自我护理措施后仍有症状。
如果发热,而且皮疹看起来像是感染性的,
请立即就医。
病因
皮炎的常见原因之一是与刺激皮肤或引发过敏反应的物质接触。这类物质包括毒藤、香水、洗液和含镍的珠宝首饰等皮炎的其他原因包括皮肤干燥、病毒感染、细菌感染、压力、遗传因素以及免疫系统问题。
风险因素
导致皮炎的常见风险因素包括:
- 年龄。皮炎可发生于任何年龄,但特应性皮炎在儿童中比成人更常见。该皮炎通常始于婴儿期。
- 过敏、特应性皮炎和哮喘。有特应性皮炎、过敏、花粉症或哮喘个人史或家族史的人更易发生特应性皮炎。
- 职业。有些工作需要接触某些金属、溶剂或清洁用品,这会增加患接触性皮炎的风险。医护人员易患手部湿疹。
- 其他健康状况。增加罹患脂溢性皮炎风险的健康状况包括帕金森病、免疫缺陷和 HIV/AIDS。
并发症
并发症
若反复抓挠,可能使得皮肤破裂,从而导致开放性溃疡和裂口。这会增加细菌和病毒感染的风险。这些皮肤感染可能扩散,甚至危及生命,虽然这种情况很罕见。
对于棕色或黑色皮肤的患者,皮炎可能导致受累皮肤肤色变暗或变亮。上述状况称为炎症后色素沉着过度和炎症后色素沉着不足。这可能要几个月甚至几年才能恢复正常肤色。
预防
如果您从事的工作与刺激剂或腐蚀性化学物质有关,请穿着防护衣。
进行基本的皮肤护理也有助于预防皮炎。在浸浴时遵照以下习惯可防止皮肤干燥:
Jan. 05, 2024
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