Clinical Trials

Inclusion Criteria:

• Current and former adult collegiate male and female athletes.
• Aged 18 years and older.
• Participants in football, rugby, soccer, hockey, lacrosse, and/or volleyball. 
  • Note:  “Former collegiate athletes” is defined as having competed in the applicable sports within the previous two years.
• Body mass index (estimated based on height and weight) from 20 to 37.
• Agree to maintain current level of physical activity throughout the study
• Willing and able to provide written informed consent.
• Willing and able to ingest the test substance.
• Willing and able to comply with study instructions.
• Not pregnant or breast feeding

Exclusion Criteria:

• Presence of prolonged (more than 5 minutes) loss of consciousness.
• Normal contraindications to MRI procedures, including but not limited to implanted medical (metal, magnetic, or electronic) devices or having metal objects or pacemakers.
• History of epilepsy.
• History of more than 3 concussions.
• History of headache preceding concussions.
• History of complex spine and/or skull traumas.
• History of depression preceding concussions.
• History of intracranial bleeding or strokes.
• History of post-traumatic seizures.
• History of developmental delay.
• History of ADHD.