Clinical Trials

For the Diabetes Cohort:

Inclusion Criteria:

• Initial diagnosis for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) must be within the past 6 months.
• Clinical criteria used to diagnose T1D include at least some of the following : Diabetic ketoacidosis, Polyuria, Polydipsia, weight loss, need for insulin from diagnosis, BMI less than 30, C-peptide < 200 pmol/L or 0.6 ng/ml, Presence of Type 1 Diabetes Associated Antibodies

Exclusion Criteria:

• Subjects on antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, alcohol intake within 48 hours, a bowel preparation with 4 weeks of the studies, and smokers
• Subjects will be asked not to take any probiotics in the week before testing.
• Any known intestinal inflammation such as Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), eosinophilic esophagitis, and inflammatory bowel disease.
• Prior gastrointestinal surgery (other than appendectomy)
• Ongoing use of antiplatelet agents or anticoagulants.
• Diabetic patients should not have a prior history of or family history of Celiac Disease (CD).
• Subjects unable to provide informed consent
• The presence of any medical or psychological condition that could interfere with the safe performance of the upper endoscopy.
• Females cannot be pregnant

For the Healthy Control Cohort:

Inclusion Criteria:

•  Healthy subjects

Exclusion Criteria:

• Controls should not have a family history of DM or CD
• Subjects on antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, alcohol intake within 48 hours, a bowel preparation with 4 weeks of the studies, and smokers
• Subjects will be asked not to take any probiotics in the week before testing.
• Any known intestinal inflammation such as Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), eosinophilic esophagitis, and inflammatory bowel disease.
• Prior gastrointestinal surgery (other than appendectomy)
• Ongoing use of antiplatelet agents or anticoagulants.
• Subjects unable to provide informed consent
• The presence of any medical or psychological condition that could interfere with the safe performance of the upper endoscopy.
• Females cannot be pregnant