Inclusion Criteria:

• Research subject conditions that may result in alterations of ventilatory control (capnic status) and balance will be specifically reviewed as criteria for participation.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Current pregnancy in women, alcohol use within the past 3 days prior to the experiment, history of balance problems (e.g., vertigo, neuropathy, central or peripheral vestibular disorders), and musculoskeletal disorders affecting the ability to perform a sharpened Romberg test (SRT) in participants.
• Patients currently taking carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, opioids, benzodiazepines, hypnotics, first-generation H1 antihistamines, amphetamines, and first-generation antipsychotics.
• Patients with a history of insomnia, sleep apnea, circadian rhythm disturbances, narcolepsy, movement disorders, chronic low blood pressure, fainting spells, multiple concussions, seizure disorders, migraines, severe headaches and panic attacks.
• ​​​​​​​If the patient took medications known to cause prolonged QTc interval and other cardiac arrhythmias, the researchers will exclud the patient from the study.